Torino
Torino (Yi-thai-li-ngî: Torino) , he vi-yî Yi-thai-li pet-phu ke chhùng-yeu sàng-sṳ, Piemonte fò Torino-sén ke Sú-fú. Kì chhô-lo̍k chhai Po Hò ke chó ngan, Alpes sân fàn-tîn chhai sàng-sṳ ke sî-pet. Torino chûng-sîm khî yû mien-chit 130.17km², ngìn-khiéu 911,534[1], he Yi-thai-li ngìn-khiéu thi-si tô ke sàng-sṳ; Torino sàng-sṳ khî yû mien-chit 1,126.6 km², ngìn-khiéu 1,745,221[2]; Torino tû-sṳ khiên yû mien-chit 1,977 km², ngìn-khiéu 2,200,000[3] (tsam Yi-thai-li chúng ngìn-khiéu ke 3.4%[4]).
Torino he yit Koet-chi fa ke Êu-chû sàng-sṳ, [5][6] Torino yû sṳ̀ pûn chhṳ̂n-vì " Yi-thai-li Chhṳ-yù ke yèu làm ", [7], " Alpes chṳ̂ tû ", "Savoia chṳ̂ tû ". Kì yúng-yû chung-tô ke vùn-fa sat-sṳ̂ fò khì-thâ miàng-sṳn. Torino yîn-vì kì ke Baroque, Rococo fò sîn Kú-tién chú-ngi fap sṳt kien-chuk yì kí sṳ vùn-miàng. Kì ke hó-tô kóng-chhòng, sàng páu, thìn yèn fò kiûng thien (yì kui-fu-kiûng), tû-he yù Sicilia kien-chuk sṳ̂ Filippo Juvarra kien-chho ke, kì chhai sat-kie sṳ̀ chia kam liáu Fap-koet Kîn-tién kien-chuk Versailles Kiûng. [8] liá-têu fap sṳt kien-chuk ke tién fam pâu-koat: vòng kiûng, Stupinigi Kiûng fò Superga thai-kau-thòng. Hí-tô Yi-thai-li kô-tén kau-yuk kî-kèu vi-yî chhṳ́ thi, yì Torino Thai-ho̍k, Torino Lî-kûng Thai-ho̍k tén. Hàn-yû hí-tô chhùng-yeu fò chho̍k-miàng ke Pok-vu̍t kwón, yì Âi-khi̍p Pok-vu̍t kwón[9] fò Antonelliana chiâm thap.
Torino chên-kîn he Êu-chû chhùng-yeu ke chṳn-chhṳ chûng-sîm. 1563-ngièn, kì sṳ̀n-vì-liáu Savoia Kûng-koet ke sú-tû, sùi-heu he Savoia vòng sṳt thúng-chhṳ hâ ke Sardegna Vòng-koet ke sú-tû, chui-heu he Yi-thai-li thúng-yit chṳ̂-heu ke thi-yit-ke sú-tû (1861-ngièn —1865-ngièn). [10] thùng-sṳ̀, kì ya-he Savoia vòng sṳt (Yi-thai-li vòng sṳt) ke ku hiông. [11] sûi-yèn yîn-vì thi-ngi-chhṳ sṳ-kie thai-chan, kì ke thai phu-fûn chṳn-chhṳ yi-ngi fò chhùng-yeu sin tû tiû sṳt liáu, kì hàn-he chhai chan-heu sṳ̀n-vì-liáu Êu-chû chhùng-yeu ke kûng-ngia̍p, sông-ngia̍p fò mo-yi ke si̍p san thi. Kì hien-chhai he Yi-thai-li ke kûng-ngia̍p chûng-sîm chṳ̂-yit, fò Milano, Genova chû-sṳ̀n liáu " kûng-ngia̍p thiet sâm-kok ". Chhiùng kîn-chi sông lòi sot, tû lìn kín sùi Lò-mâ fò Milano chṳ̂-heu, he Yi-thai-li thi-sâm-thai sàng-sṳ. [12] kì ke GDP kô-tha̍t 580 yi Mî-ngièn, phài-miàng sṳ-kie thi 78 vi. [13] sûi-yèn put chhiong Lò-mâ, mí làn nâ ngióng he “sṳ-kie kip sàng-sṳ”, GaWC phìn khì vì “ sṳt ha̍p fat-chán ” kip phe̍t. [14]
Tû-lìn he Yi-thai-li khì chhâ chṳ-chho ngia̍p ke yèu làm, pûn chhṳ̂n-vì “ Yi-thai-li khì chhâ chṳ̂ tû ” fe̍t-chá " Yi-thai-li ke Detroit". He khì chhâ phín-phài Fiat, Lancia fò Alfa Romeo ke Chúng-phu só-chhai-thi. [15][16] Torino hàn yúng-yû chiuk-khiù ki lo̍k phuJuventus fò Torino, kí-phan ko 2006-ngièn Tûng-kui Olympic Yun-thûng-fi. Yit-sia Koet-chi khûng-kiên chhàm sat phi, yì fò hâi ho chiet tiám tshong fò Columbus sṳ̍t-ngiam tshong, ya-he chhai Torino chṳ-chho ke.
Li̍t-sṳ́
phiên-siáThi-lî
phiên-siáVùn-fa
phiên-siáKau-yuk
phiên-siáKín-tiám
phiên-siá
Kîn-chi
phiên-siáNgìn-khiéu
phiên-siáHàng-chṳn
phiên-siáSa-fi
phiên-siáKâu-thûng
phiên-siá- ↑ Dati ISTAT 2009.Demo.Istat.It
- ↑ Urban Audit 2004.Urbanaudit.Org
- ↑ OECD. "Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, p. 41" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-01. 2015-08-14 chhà-khon.
- ↑ CENSIS. "Rapporto annuale 2008, p. 22" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. 2015-08-14 chhà-khon.
- ↑ From Ancient Art to Modern Technology in Turin.Initaly.Com
- ↑ Turin today.Discoveritalia.Com
- ↑ Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (1810-1861).Ohio.Edu
- ↑ Turin - Architecture and Art, Chocolate and Caffes.Anne Robichaud
- ↑ Egyptian Museum of Turin.Italiantourism.Com
- ↑ "The city's history". Turismo e promozione. Città di Torino. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. 2015-08-14 chhà-khon.
- ↑ Turin - Culture & History.Smh.Com.Au
- ↑ Censis. ""La ricchezza del territorio italiano", Tab. 1".
- ↑ The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005.Citymayors.Com
- ↑ The World According to GaWC 2008.GaWC
- ↑ Vera Zamagni (1998). The economic history of Italy, 1860-1990. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198292899, 9780198292890 Check
|isbn=value (help). - ↑ Turin.Britannica.Com