"Ruthenium" siû-thin kiên ke chhâ-phe̍t
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Thi 1 hàng:
{{Infobox element
|number=44
|symbol=Ru
|name=ruthenium
|left=[[technetium]]
|right=[[rhodium]]
|above=[[thiet|Fe]]
|below=[[osmium|Os]]
|series=ko-thu kîm-su̍k
|group=8
|period=5
|block=d
|image name=Ruthenium a half bar.jpg
|appearance=silvery white metallic
|atomic mass=101.07
|atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
|atomic mass 2=2
|atomic mass comment=
|electron configuration=[[[krypton|Kr]]] 4d<sup>7</sup> 5s<sup>1</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 15, 1
|density gpcm3nrt=12.45
|density gpcm3mp=10.65
|melting point K=2607
|melting point C=2334
|melting point F=4233
|boiling point K=4423
|boiling point C=4150
|boiling point F=7502
|heat fusion=38.59
|heat vaporization=619
|heat capacity=24.06
|vapor pressure 1=2588
|vapor pressure 10=2811
|vapor pressure 100=3087
|vapor pressure 1 k=3424
|vapor pressure 10 k=3845
|vapor pressure 100 k=4388
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=hexagonal close packed
|oxidation states=-4, -2, 1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openmopac.net/data_normal/ruthenium(i)%20fluoride_jmol.html|title=Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net}}</ref> 2, '''3''', '''4''', 5, 6, 7, 8
|oxidation states comment=(a mildly [[acid]]ic oxide)
|electronegativity=2.2
|number of ionization energies=3
|ionization energy 1=710.2
|ionization energy 2=1620
|ionization energy 3=2747
|atomic radius=134
|covalent radius=146±7
|magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]]
|magnetic ordering ref=<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref>
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
|electrical resistivity at 0=71
|thermal conductivity=117
|thermal expansion at 25=6.4
|speed of sound rod at 20=5970
|Young's modulus=447
|Shear modulus=173
|Bulk modulus=220
|Poisson ratio=0.30
|Mohs hardness=6.5
|Brinell hardness=2160
|CAS number=7440-18-8
|isotopes=
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=96 | sym=Ru | na=5.52% | hl=[[1 E19 s and more|>6.7×10<sup>16</sup> y]] | dm=([[double beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup>]]) | de=2.7188 | link1=molybdenum-96 | pn=96 | ps=Mo}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=97 | sym=Ru
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E5 s|2.9 d]]
| dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=– | link1=technetium-97 | pn1=97 | ps1=Tc
| dm2=[[gamma radiation|γ]] | de2=0.215, 0.324 | pn2= | ps2=–}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=98 | sym=Ru | na=1.88% | hl=– | dm=([[spontaneous fission|SF]]) | de=<11.690 | pn= | ps=– }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=99 | sym=Ru | na=12.7% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<12.368 | pn= | ps=– }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=100 | sym=Ru | na=12.6% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<13.634 | pn= | ps=– }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=101 | sym=Ru | na=17.0% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<13.205 | pn= | ps=– }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=102 | sym=Ru | na=31.6% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<12.049 | pn= | ps=– }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=103 | sym=Ru
| na=syn | hl=[[1 E6 s|39.26 d]]
| dm1=[[beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de1=0.226 | link1=rhodium-103 | pn1=103 | ps1=Rh
| dm2=γ | de2=0.497 | pn2= | ps2=–}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=104 | sym=Ru | na=18.7% | hl=– | dm=([[double beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>β<sup>−</sup>]]) | de=1.2997 | link1=palladium-104 | pn=104 | ps=Pd }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=106 | sym=Ru
| na=syn | hl=[[1 E7 s|373.59 d]]
| dm=β<sup>−</sup> | de=0.039 | link1=rhodium-106 | pn=106 | ps=Rh}}
|isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
|naming=after ''{{lang|la|[[Ruthenia]]}}'' (Latin for: medieval [[Kievan Rus'|Kyivska Rus']] region)
|discovery and first isolation by=[[Karl Ernst Claus]]
|discovery date=1844
}}
'''Ruthenium''' he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Ru''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''44'''.
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