"Nickel" siû-thin kiên ke chhâ-phe̍t
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無編輯摘要 |
無編輯摘要 |
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Thi 1 hàng:
{{Infobox element
|name=nickel
|number=28
|symbol=Ni
|left=[[cobalt]]
|right=[[thùng]]
|above=–
|below=[[palladium|Pd]]
|series=ko-thu kîm-su̍k
|series comment=
|group=10
|period=4
|block=d
|series color=
|appearance=lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
|image name=Nickel chunk.jpg
|image size=
|image name comment=
|image alt=A pitted and lumpy piece of silvery metal, with the top surface cut flat
|image name 2=
|image name 2 comment=
|atomic mass=58.6934
|atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
|atomic mass 2=4
|atomic mass comment=
|electron configuration=[[[argon|Ar]]] 3d<sup>8</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> ''or''<br/> [Ar] 3d<sup>9</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup>
|electron configuration comment=
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 16, 2 ''or'' 2, 8, 17, 1
|color=
|phase=ku-thí
|phase comment=
|density gplstp=
|density gpcm3nrt=8.908
|density gpcm3nrt 2=
|density gpcm3mp=7.81
|melting point K=1728
|melting point C=1455
|melting point F=2651
|boiling point K=3003
|boiling point C=2730
|boiling point F=4946
|triple point K=
|triple point kPa=
|critical point K=
|critical point MPa=
|heat fusion=17.48
|heat fusion 2=
|heat vaporization=379
|heat capacity=26.07
|vapor pressure 1=1783
|vapor pressure 10=1950
|vapor pressure 100=2154
|vapor pressure 1 k=2410
|vapor pressure 10 k=2741
|vapor pressure 100 k=3184
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=face-centered cubic
|oxidation states=4,<ref>{{cite journal| title=A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)| journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition| year=2009| volume=48 | issue=2| page=3384| doi=10.1002/anie.200804435| last1=Carnes| first1=Matthew| last2=Buccella| first2=Daniela| last3=Chen| first3=Judy Y.-C.| last4=Ramirez| first4=Arthur P.| last5=Turro| first5=Nicholas J.| last6=Nuckolls| first6=Colin| last7=Steigerwald| first7=Michael}}</ref> 3, '''2''', 1,<ref>{{cite journal| title=A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps| journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition| year=2009| volume=48 | issue=18| page=3357| doi=10.1002/anie.200805862| last1=Pfirrmann| first1=Stefan| last2=Limberg| first2=Christian| last3=Herwig| first3=Christian| last4=Stößer| first4=Reinhard| last5=Ziemer| first5=Burkhard}}</ref> −1, −2
|oxidation states comment=(a mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide)
|electronegativity=1.91
|number of ionization energies=4
|ionization energy 1=737.1
|ionization energy 2=1753.0
|ionization energy 3=3395
|atomic radius=124
|atomic radius calculated=
|covalent radius=124±4
|Van der Waals radius=163
|magnetic ordering=[[ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]]
|electrical resistivity=
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
|electrical resistivity at 0=
|electrical resistivity at 20=69.3
|thermal conductivity=90.9
|thermal conductivity 2=
|thermal diffusivity=
|thermal expansion=
|thermal expansion at 25=13.4
|speed of sound=
|speed of sound rod at 20=
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=4900
|Young's modulus=200
|Shear modulus=76
|Bulk modulus=180
|Poisson ratio=0.31
|Mohs hardness=4.0
|Vickers hardness=638
|Brinell hardness=667–1600
|CAS number=7440-02-0
|isotopes=
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=58 | sym=Ni | na=68.077% |hl=[[1 E19 s and more|>7×10<sup>20</sup> y]] |dm=([[double beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup>]]) | de=1.9258 | link1=iron-58 | pn=58 | ps=Fe}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=59 | sym=Ni | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=[[1 E12 s|7.6×10<sup>4</sup> y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=– | link1=cobalt-59 | pn=59 | ps=Co}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=60 | sym=Ni | na=26.223% | n=32 |firstlinks=yes}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=61 | sym=Ni | na=1.14% | n=33 |firstlinks=no}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=62 | sym=Ni | na=3.634% | n=34 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=63 | sym=Ni | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E9 s|100.1 y]] | dm=[[Beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.0669 | link1=copper-63 | pn=63 | ps=Cu}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=64 | sym=Ni | na=0.926% | n=36 |firstlinks=no}}
|isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
|discovery and first isolation by=[[Axel Fredrik Cronstedt]]
|discovery date=1751
}}
'''Nickel''' he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k]] [[ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Ni''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''28'''.
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