"Thùng" siû-thin kiên ke chhâ-phe̍t
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無編輯摘要 |
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Thi 1 hàng:
{{Infobox element
|name=Thùng
|enname=copper
|number=29
|symbol=Cu
|left=[[nickel]]
|right=[[Â-yèn]]
|above=–
|below=[[Ngiùn|Ag]]
|series=ko-thu kîm-su̍k
|series comment=
|group=11
|period=4
|block=d
|series color=
|appearance=red-orange metallic luster
|image name=NatCopper.jpg
|image size=
|image name comment=Native copper (~4 cm in size)
|image name 2=
|image name 2 comment=
|atomic mass=63.546
|atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
|atomic mass 2=3
|atomic mass comment=
|electron configuration=[[[argon|Ar]]] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 1
|color=
|phase=ku-thí
|phase comment=
|density gplstp=
|density gpcm3nrt=8.96
|density gpcm3nrt 2=
|density gpcm3mp=8.02
|melting point K=1357.77
|melting point C=1084.62
|melting point F=1984.32
|boiling point K=2835
|boiling point C=2562
|boiling point F=4643
|triple point K=
|triple point kPa=
|critical point K=
|critical point MPa=
|heat fusion=13.26
|heat fusion 2=
|heat vaporization=300.4
|heat capacity=24.440
|vapor pressure 1=1509
|vapor pressure 10=1661
|vapor pressure 100=1850
|vapor pressure 1 k=2089
|vapor pressure 10 k=2404
|vapor pressure 100 k=2834
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=face-centered cubic
|oxidation states=−2, +1, '''+2''', +3, +4
|oxidation states comment=(a mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide)
|electronegativity=1.90
|number of ionization energies=4
|ionization energy 1=745.5
|ionization energy 2=1957.9
|ionization energy 3=3555
|atomic radius=128
|atomic radius calculated=
|covalent radius=132±4
|Van der Waals radius=140
|magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]]
|magnetic ordering ref=<ref>{{cite book |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf|chapter=Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds| editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 }}</ref>
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
|electrical resistivity at 0=
|electrical resistivity at 20=16.78
|thermal conductivity=401
|thermal conductivity 2=
|thermal diffusivity=
|thermal expansion=
|thermal expansion at 25=16.5
|speed of sound=
|speed of sound rod at 20=
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=(annealed)<br/>3810
|Young's modulus=110–128
|Shear modulus=48
|Bulk modulus=140
|Poisson ratio=0.34
|Mohs hardness=3.0
|Vickers hardness=343–369
|Brinell hardness=235–878
|Brinell hardness comment=
|CAS number=7440-50-8
|isotopes=
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=63 | sym=Cu | na=69.15% | n=34 |firstlinks=yes}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | link=copper-64 | mn=64 | sym=Cu | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=12.700 h | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]]
| de1=– | link1=nickel-64 | pn1=64 | ps1=Ni
| dm2=[[beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de2=– | link2=zinc-64 | pn2=64 | ps2=Zn}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=65 | sym=Cu | na=30.85% | n=36 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=67 | sym=Cu | na=syn | hl=61.83 h | dm=β<sup>−</sup> | de=– | link1=zinc-67 | pn=67 | ps=Zn}}
|isotopes comment=
|naming=after [[Cyprus]], principal mining place in Roman era (''{{lang|la|Cyprium}}'')
|discovered by=[[Middle East]]
|discovery date=[[9000 BCE]]
}}
'''Thùng''' he [[fùng-thùng]] kâ-ngi̍p [[siak]] fe̍t-tsá [[yèn]] ke ha̍p-kîm. Yîn-vi péu-mien tshiâng-fôi, pûn-ngìn tshṳ̂n-tso tshiâng-thùng. Thùng khiòng-thu kô-kip, yùng-tiám lài-lài, yì-yèn [[Fa-ho̍k]] sin-tsṳt vún-thin.
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